Hazard Identification and Risk Assessment of Selected Prison Staff Jobs Using the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) Method

The primary objective of this study is to identify hazards and assess the risk levels associated with key job roles within prison organizations using the Job Safety Analysis (JSA) method. This research employs a descriptive-analytical approach. Four critical job roles involving high interaction with inmates were selected for assessment: Custodial Officers, Educational Instructors, Visit Supervisors, and Protection Unit Commanders. In this method, each job was decomposed into specific operational steps, potential hazards were identified at each stage, and risks were quantified using a two-dimensional matrix based on "Severity" (S) and "Probability" (P). The findings indicate that the risk distribution pattern varies significantly across different job roles and is directly correlated with the level of physical and temporal contact personnel have with inmates. The role of "Custodial Officer" was identified as the most vulnerable, recording two instances of "High Risk" (Risk Score: 81) related to infectious diseases during body searches and due to constant presence in the ward. While other roles did not exhibit high-risk categories, they faced a wide range of medium-level risks (scores between 50 and 80), including physical conflicts, legal liabilities arising from inmate escapes, weapon theft, and mental health challenges stemming from shift work and stress. The results highlight that biological and psychological hazards, alongside physical risks, constitute critical yet often overlooked dimensions of safety in correctional facilities. Consequently, this study emphasizes the necessity of transitioning from reactive management to intelligent preventive strategies.